Anesthesiology Expert Witnesses in California

The SEAK Expert Witness Directory contains a comprehensive list of anesthesiology expert witnesses who testify, consult and provide litigation support on anesthesiology and related issues. Anesthesiology expert witnesses and consultants on this page may form expert opinions, draft expert witness reports, and provide expert witness testimony at deposition and trial. The issues and subjects these anesthesiology expert witnesses testify regarding may include: Airway Management, Chronic Pain, Epidural, Hypoxia, Intubation, Narcotics, Regional Anesthesia, Anesthesia, Aspiration, Awareness Under Anesthesia, Brain Damage, Nerve Injury, Personal Injury, Positioning, and Surgery.

Use the search box above to further refine your search for anesthesiology expert witnesses by keyword and state. Attorneys contact the experts directly – with no middleman.

Omeed Khodaparast, MD FASA

Anesthesiology - Regional anesthesia, airway management, difficult intubation, hypotension, positioning, nerve injury, recovery room, nerve blocks, hypoxia, sedation, propofol , postoperative care, code, obstructive sleep apnea, fire
Dr. Omeed Khodaparast is a distinguished, board-certified anesthesiologist renowned for his exemplary career in Dallas, Texas. With over 15 years of experience, Dr. Khodaparast is an expert in multiple facets of general anesthesia. His proficiency extends to advanced techniques such as ultrasound regional anesthesia, including peripheral nerve blocks for acute pain management, as well as propofol sedation and total IV anesthesia. In addition to his clinical devotion, Dr. Khodaparast holds pivotal leadership positions as the medical director and anesthesia chairman at a prestigious community hospital in Dallas. His influence further extends as an esteemed expert panelist for the Texas Medical Board, showcasing his commitment to clinical standards and best practices. Recognized for his integrity and comprehensive knowledge, Dr. Khodaparast offers his services for both plaintiff and defense cases.

Victor L. Mandoff, MD, FASA

Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine - Acute Pain, Regional, Airway injuries, Difficult Airways, Critical Care, ACLS, BLS, Codes, Trauma Emergencies, Drug errors, Narcotics, Neuromuscular Blockers, Propofol Pharma, Invasive-catheters, OR fires, Simulation, Position/Nerve injuries, Sedation, Recall, Vents, Outpatient and Non-OR surgery
I am a Board-Certified fully practicing Professor of Anesthesiology at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). Since this is a teaching hospital, training residents helps me keep up-to-date and stay current in knowledge and practice evidence-based medicine. I have over 17 years of clinical experience and have won many teaching awards like "Golden Apple Award" or "Red Sash Award" and "Educational Excellence Award" presented to me by residents, students, and the College of Medicine. Last year I became a Fellow of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (FASA). The FASA designation is the "highest acknowledgment that recognizes years of dedication to exceptional education, leadership and commitment to the specialty" as per American Society of Anesthesiologists website. I am also Critical Care Fellowship trained at the Cleveland Clinic Medical Foundation and was Critical Care Board Certified and practiced Critical Care Medicine 2006 to about 2016. UAMS provides care...

Joseph (Jay) H McIsaac, III, MD, MS, MBA, CPE, NACD.DC, FASA McIsaac Consulting, LLC

Anesthesiology, Pediatric Anesthesiology - Patient Safety, Trauma, Coagulopathy, BioEngineering, Cardiovascular, Monitoring, CBRN, Airway, Disasters, Quality, Hemorrhage, Massive Transfusion, Technology, Risk and Crisis Management, Temperature and Hypothermia Reduction, Resuscitation, Non-OR Anesthesia, Pediatric Anesthesia, Risk Reduction.
Experienced expert witness in both plaintiff and defense work. Licensed in FL, NJ, CT, and PA. Presently a Clinical Professor at 2 medical schools: University of Connecticut and Quinnipiac University. Senior Attending Anesthesiologist at Hartford Hospital, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, and the University of Connecticut Health Center. Pediatric, cardiovascular, trauma anesthesia expert. Board Certified in Anesthesiology from the American Board of Anesthesiology (lifetime certification) and also from the National Board of Physicians and Surgeons. Masters in biomedical engineering; MBA; Certified Physician Executive; Certified Corporate Director; Author, Educator, Inventor, and Disaster preparedness expert. Able to cross multiple domains and explain complex topics in plain language to a layman. Two books, 67 chapters, articles, editorials, and other publications. A well-known speaker at national and international professional meetings. He has presented and done si...

Daniel Abraham, MD

Los Angeles, California
Anesthesiology, Medical Management - Anesthesiology, General Anesthesia, Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC), Sedation, Regional Anesthesia, Peri-operative Management, Airway management, Peripheral Nerve Blocks, Epidural blocks, Spinal Blocks, Medication Errors, Post Anesthesia Care Unit(PACU) emergencies, Nerve Injury, Ambulatory Surgery
Dr. Daniel Abraham is an actively practicing, board-certified Anesthesiologist who draws his experience from his many years working at nationally renowned major academic centers, like the University of Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Abraham currently holds a faculty position at the University of Southern California with a full-time clinical practice that is focused on evidence-based medicine and up to date clinical knowledge, with a focus on regional anesthesia. Dr. Abraham has extensive experience taking care of high acuity, sick patients in a variety of peri-operative environments, while supervising residents, fellows, and certified nurse anesthetists. He has extensive experience in evaluation, assessment, and management of patient complications in the operative space. His experience has included being a physician leader on a number of hospital committees focused on patient satisfaction, safety, and efficiency. Currently expecting acceptance as an expert witness fo...

Joseph J Barrows, MD Joseph J. Barrows, MD Inc.

Newport Beach, California
Anesthesiology, Medical Management - intubation, hematoma, informed consent, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, DVT, VTE, PE, capnography, brain damage, hypoxia, paralysis, narcotics, laryngospasm, ambulatory surgical center, ASC, medication error, positioning, central line, ventilation, aspiration, propofol, anticoagulation
Board-Certified Anesthesiologist in active clinical practice. 15+ years experience. Over 4,000 spinal surgical procedures performed. Anesthesiologist for U.S. Olympic and Red Bull athletes, the Los Angeles Kings, and U.S. Navy SEALs. Extensive teaching experience. 10+ years experience as Medical Director of an Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) with duties including peer review and performance enhancement. Experienced expert witness. First person in family to attend college - worked way through college working construction and bartending. Excellent verbal communication skills.

Adam J Carinci, MD, JD, MBA University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, CRPS, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, RSD, Life Care Plan Analysis, Nerve Injury, Nerve Pain, Failed Back, Epidural Injections, Hematoma, Chronic pain, Opioids, Pill Mills, Overprescribing, Addiction, Fraud, IME, Independent Medical examinations, Medical Billing,
Dr. Adam J Carinci MD, JD, MBA is a nationally recognized CRPS thought leader and expert witness with over a fifteen years of pain medicine experience. With his dual training as both a physician and a lawyer Dr. Carinci is a sought-after expert witness in medico-legal matters on a national stage where he combines distinct acumen and expertise at the intersection of medicine and law. He is double-board certified in both Anesthesiology and in Pain Medicine and maintains an active, full time medical practice. Dr. Carinci is Chief of Pain Management and Director of the Interventional Spine and Pain Treatment Center at the University of Rochester Medical Center and an Associate Professor at the University of Rochester School of Medicine. Prior to his current position, Dr. Carinci was the Director of the Pain Medicine Center at Massachusetts General Hospital and an Instructor at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Carinci trained at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical ...

Divya Chander, MD, PhD D. Chander LLC

San Francisco, California
Anesthesiology - difficult airway, intubation, brain injury / brain damage, hypoxia, hypotension, residual paralysis, narcotics, oversedation, aspiration, PACU, neurosurgical anesthesia, obstetric anesthesia, awareness under anesthesia, brain monitoring, ENT anesthesia, Intraoperative visual loss, drug errors
Dr. Chander is a board certified anesthesiologist and neuroscientist (PhD). She served on the Stanford Anesthesiology faculty for 8 years. At Stanford, her areas of expertise and teaching included general surgery, neurosurgical, ENT/head & neck, orthopedic, and obstetric anesthesia. She has extensive experience with propofol sedation and total IV anesthesia, +/- brain monitoring, and difficult airway. She has trained residents in the OR, on labor & delivery, and through didactic teaching. Over the past several years, Dr. Chander continues to practice anesthesia at several Bay Area hospitals (including a level 1 trauma center). Dr. Chander has also co-founded 2 companies in the healthcare space, in neuro-ICU diagnostics, and creating a platform for integration for public health data. She served on a NASA task force for COVID19, and a global pandemic resilience task force, which she co-chaired and directed. In 2020, she was appointed a Senior Fellow of the Atlantic Council. Dr. Chan...

Simon Dardashti, MD, MS

Los Angeles, California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Pain Management, Causation, Disability, Sciatica, Epidural, Radiculopathy, Back Neck Pain, Peer review, Overdose, Personal Injury, Spinal injury, Whiplash, Slip Trip Fall, Spondylosis, Radiofrequency, Facet Injections, Spinal Cord Stimulation, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), Opiate Narcotic
Dr. Simon Dardashti is a distinguished Pain Management Physician with a wealth of experience and expertise in the field of spinal injury. His professional background includes: Education: Dr. Dardashti graduated from UC Berkeley with a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science, followed by a Master’s degree from Georgetown University and an MD degree from the Chicago Medical School. Training: He completed a rigorous four-year internship/residency in Anesthesiology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center, and further specialized in Interventional Spine and Pain Management through a Fellowship program at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Professional Experience: Dr. Dardashti has been actively practicing since 2016, focusing on Pain Management, Anesthesiology, and Medical Corporate Compliance. He has worked in various settings including outpatient private practice and inpatient hospital practice. Certifications: Board certified by the American Board of...

Robert A Ertner, MD

Chico, California
Anesthesiology - cardiac anesthesia, airway trauma, intubation, operating room fires, positioning, central lines, airway management, regional anesthesia, ambulatory anesthesia, epidurals, spinal anesthesia, ICU sedation, preoperative assessment, general anesthesia, echocardiography
Board-certified, cardiovascular fellowship-trained (Emory University) anesthesiologist in full-time clinical practice. Certified in peri-operative transesophageal echocardiography. Over 17 years of experience in hands-on patient care and direction/supervision of CRNAs and medical students. • General anesthesia including: Induction and maintenance of anesthesia, ventilator management, intra-operative monitoring, management of emergence from anesthesia, and transportation to and from the operating room. • Airway management including endotracheal tubes, single-lung ventilation, and non-invasive techniques. • Epidural and spinal anesthesia. • Regional anesthesia. • Invasive Monitoring including central Lines, arterial Lines, and pulmonary arterial catheters. • Pre-operative assessment and post-operative patient management. • Echocardiography and ultrasound assessment. Areas of practice include: General, cardiovascular, thoracic, bariatric, orthopedic, trauma, obstetric and gynecologic...

F. Michael Ferrante, MD

Pacific Palisades, California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Spinal interventions. Nerve Blocks, Implantable Intrathecal Pumps, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Spinal cord stimulation, Peripheral nerve stimulation, Spinal Injections, Epidural steroid Injections, Radiofrequency, Failed back syndrome, Spinal Medicine, neuropathic pain, MILD.
F. Michael Ferrante, MD, holds a BS in Biology from Tulane University, where he graduated Summa Cum Laude, and a MD from New York Medical College. Dr. Ferrante completed residencies in Internal Medicine and Anesthesiology at Emory University Affiliated Hospitals. Between his residencies he did one year of an infectious disease fellowship at Barnes Hospital, Washington University. After Anesthesiology residency, he received his fellowship in Pain Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Dr. Ferrante is currently the Director of the UCLA Comprehensive Pain Center and Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology and Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles. Prior to coming to UCLA, Dr. Ferrante was the Director of Pain Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital and before that, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. He was a member of the ASRA Board of Directors (1996-2011) and former President of ASRA (2007-2009). He is ...

Stephen Garber, MD

Laguna Woods , California
Obstetrical Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology - nerve injury from epidural, failed spinal anesthesia, failed intubation, maternal hemorrhage, maternal cardiac arrest, local anesthesia toxicity, total spinal anesthesia, respiratory arrest, seizure related to anesthesia, awareness under anesthesia, permanent neurological injury, post partum bleed
Fellowship trained Obstetric Anesthesiologist at a Level III Labor and Delivery Center for 30+ years. Have performed over 15,000 regional anesthetics, which include epidural and spinal anesthetics. I have been responsible for Best Practices at our institution, and the point person for two successful Center of Excellence designations through the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. During my tenure I have brought many innovations to our practice, some of which include: transition from epidural to spinal anesthesia for Cesarean Section, patient controlled epidural infusions (PCEA), difficult airway equipment, combined spinal epidural for labor (CSE), rapid infusion equipment for maternal hemorrhage, point of care rapid hemoglobin assessment, handheld portable ultrasound device for difficult epidural placement, Early Recovery After Surgery protocol (ERAS), initiated TAP blocks with long acting local anesthetic after CS, and reduced opioid use by over 80%. We are a referra...

Pejman Golpanian, MD

Beverly Hills, California
Anesthesiology, Legal Medicine - airway, difficult intubation, brain damage, low oxygen, hypoxia, hypotension, blood pressure, paralysis, narcotics, aspiration, allergic reaction, pregnancy, epidural, awareness, drug interaction, positioning, numbness, ultrasound, nerve injury, nerve block, fire, recovery, death, laryngospasm, cpr
Dr. Pejman Golpanian is a highly experienced, board-certified Anesthesiologist actively practicing in California. He currently practices and holds privileges at 40+ outpatient ambulatory surgical centers, dental offices, and multiple Hospitals in the Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, San Fernando Valley, and Thousand Oaks areas. He has performed well over 15,000 successful anesthetic procedures and is highly trained in all aspects of anesthesiology including general anesthesia, dental anesthesia (with a current dental anesthesia license), regional anesthesia with ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks, neuro-axial spinal and epidural anesthesia, and sedation with monitored anesthesia care. Dr. Golpanian is an active expert consultant for the Medical Board of California assisting investigators, prosecutors, and administrative law judges in understanding the medical aspects of a medical-legal case. He provides clinical expertise and testimony regarding the practice of medicine and can e...

Jeremy Laney, MD

Playa del Rey, California
Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Disease - Liver transplant, Cardiac Surgery, Pain management, Airway management, Sedation, Awareness under anesthesia, Echocardiography, Epidural, Intubation, ECMO, Heart Transplant, General Surgery, Life Support, Ventilaltion, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Lung Transplant, Surgery, ACLS, Ventilator
Board-certified, fellowship-trained anesthesiologist at Keck Medical Center of University of Southern California (USC). Received my Medical Doctorate from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 2016. Completed my residency in Anesthesiology at Los Angeles County + USC program. Completed fellowship in Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology at Keck Medical Center of USC. Currently working full-time at Keck Medical Center of USC as a full time clinician and assistant professor. This is a high-volume surgical center with complex cases and requires teaching fellows, residents and medical students in anesthesiology. Well-educated on current literature in my field. Board certified in perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (heart imaging). Provide anesthesia services for many types of surgical cases but specialize in cardiac and liver transplant. Ample clinical experience in other surgical cases (including outpatient). Expert witness experience since 2021 to clients all ...

Erin Lawson, MD

Del Mar, California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Interventional pain management, Opioid management, Chronic pain
Dr Erin Lawson is double board certified in both Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, having completed residency and fellowship training at Emory University School of Medicine. She has 15 years of clinical experience treating patients with chronic pain. She has edited several textbooks of chronic pain conditions and is a question author for the American Board of Anesthesiology's pain medicine program. Dr Lawson brings both a comprehensive knowledge base and compassionate approach to the treatment of chronic pain. She uses an interventional approach to treat many chronic pain conditions including sciatica, spinal pain, joint pain, and migraines and is up to date on both safety guidelines and current procedure techniques for injections and spinal procedures. She is also current on safe opioid prescribing and managing patients with opioid use disorder and chronic pain.

Navin Mallavaram, MD, QME The Spine & Pain Center of California

Pleasanton, California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Spine Injuries, Lumbar Spine Injury, Spinal Injections, Epidural Steroid Injections, Facet Joint Injections, Radiofrequency Ablation, Cervical Spine Injury, Personal Injury, Work Injury, Chronic Pain, Anesthesiology
Dr. Navin Mallavaram is an Anesthesiologist and Interventional Pain Management specialist. He Board Certified in Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine. Dr. Mallavaram specializes in diagnosing and treating spinal pain, stemming from work accidents, personal injuries, sports injuries, and degenerative conditions. His extensive training also allows him to treat a wide spectrum of painful disorders. He routinely serves as a primary treating physician and/or specialty / expert consultant for injured workers and motor vehicle accident victims. He has also been called on to treat NFL (National Football League) and NHL (National Hockey League) players, former and current. - 20+ years of clinical experience - 10 + years of expert witness, IME experience - Founder and Medical Director, The Spine & Pain Center of California - Medical Director, Summit Surgery Center - Staff, Department of Anesthesiology, Eden Medical Center, Castro Valley, CA - Expert Reviewer, Medical Board of California - Qualif...

Jordan L. Newmark, MD, QME E&S Newmark Consulting | Stanford University School of Medicine

Redwood City , California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Chronic pain, acute pain, opioids, workers' compensation, disability, addiction, surgery, perioperative, human resources, interventional pain, trauma, medical staff office, interdisciplinary care, medical education, qualified medical evaluation, QME, independent medical evaluation, IME
Dr. Newmark is an ABA, double board certified, Anesthesiologist and Pain Medicine Physician. He is President & CEO of E&S Newmark Consulting focused on the practice of medicine, qualified medical evaluation, expert witnessing, career and academic development, and medical-leadership consulting. He remains as an Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor at Stanford University. He has authored multiple journal articles, book chapters, and maintains an active simulation based pain and research program at Stanford University. Dr. Newmark has over 10 years of expert witness and medicolegal experience. Dr. Newmark won numerous awards from the American Academy of Pain Medicine, Stanford University and Alameda Health System. Dr. Newmark is the former Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology of Alameda Health System, as well as the former Medical Director for Pain Management and Functional Restoration at Highland Hospital in Oakland, California. The overall focus of Dr. Newmark'...

Robert H. Odell, Jr., MD, PhD Neuropathy & Pain Center of Las Vegas

California
Pain Management - Medicine, Anesthesiology - Low back pain, neck pain, personal injury, facet syndrome, discogenic disease, radiculopathy, CRPS, electromedicine, neuropathic pain, interventional pain management; medication management, including malpractice & DEA defense; over billing in pain management, over utilization in pain management
Dr. Odell is a Stanford and UCLA trained practicing anesthesiologist and pain management physician. A fellow of the Medical Scientist Training Program at Stanford, he received a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering (1974) and his MD (1976). He completed an anesthesia residency at UCLA in 1982. He is a diplomat of the American Board of Anesthesiology, the American Board of Pain Medicine and a Fellow of Interventional Pain Practice (FIPP). Dr. Odell is the Founder of the Neuropathy & Pain Centers of Las Vegas and Owner of Associated Pain Specialists, located in east TN. A well-established pain management expert, he uses a wide variety of pain management techniques to treat patients in his private practices. Patients from around the country seek out the acclaimed Neuropathy and Pain Centers of Las Vegas. Dr. Odell uses Sanexas, an advanced electromedical device that can produce favorable outcomes for treating neuropathic pain by healing the nerves. A broad spectrum of debilitating co...

Anne Shapiro, DO, MAS

San Diego, California
Anesthesiology, Obstetrical Anesthesiology - General, Main OR, Anesthesia, Spinal, Obstetric, Epidural, L&D, Neuraxial, Labor and Delivery
Dr. Shapiro is a board certified and licensed Attending Anesthesiologist with a Fellowship in High-Risk Obstetric Anesthesia.  She has been in practice for over 14 years and has placed her professional focus on Main OR Anesthesia and Labor & Delivery Anesthesia. She is sought for her opinion by Anesthesiologists, Surgeons and Obstetricians alike, as she is a realist who demonstrates good clinical judgement with a unique expertise within the field of Obstetric Anesthesia. 

Wolfgang Steudel, MD

California
Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Disease - Airway Management, Failed Intubation, Extubation, Aspiration, Endotracheal Tube, Laryngeal Mask, bypass, valve, Muscle Relaxants, Narcotics, Opoids, Hypoxia, Drug Effects, Heart Attack, Death, Brain Damage, Stroke, Respiratory Suppression, Ventilation, Coma, EMR, heart surgery, Atrial Fibrillation
Dr. Steudel is a cardiovascular anesthesiologist with a background in lung research, and trained at Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School. Dr. Steudel clinically active and specialized in cardiovascular anesthesia and difficult airway management, and will provide expert opinion and testimony on those, and other, anesthesia-related topics. Dr. Steudel is board-certified by the American Board of Anesthesiologists, and he was a long-standing member of the Editorial Board of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Dr. Steudel is clinically active and he is licensed to practice Medicine in the states of Florida, Oregon, California, Massachusetts, New York and Tennessee, as well as in Germany.

Matthew B Tash, MD Tash Consulting LLC

Studio City, California
Anesthesiology, Pediatric Anesthesiology - Regional Anesthesia, Neuraxial Anesthesia, Obstetrical Anesthesia, Thoracic Anesthesia, Neuro Anesthesia, Critical Care, Trauma, Cardiac Arrest, Perioperative, Post Anesthesia Care Unit, Recovery Room, Medication Error, Malpractice, Negligence, Anesthesia, Vascular Anesthesia, Robotics, Neonatal
Dr. Matthew Tash, MD is a board-certified Anesthesiologist, double boarded in both Pediatric Anesthesiology and Adult Anesthesiology. He treats patients of all ages from minutes-old through end-of-life. He has worked for many years in a tertiary-care hospital performing in an inpatient and outpatient (ambulatory) setting. Dr. Tash’s expertise is in clinical anesthesiology of children and adults of all ages. His expertise is in preoperative histories, exams, and assessments including surgical candidacy and airway evaluation. He is an expert in intra-operative anesthetic management for most procedures. He has extensive practice in post-operative care. He has consulted for the Pediatric Head and Neck Surgical Department as well as performing in a role as a long-time consultant to the head of the Obstetrical Anesthesia Subdivision. Dr. Tash has helped write and edit guidelines around Regional and Neuraxial Anesthesia for his Anesthesia Department. Dr. Tash was a professor at the Univ...

Steve C. Yun, MD

Orange, California
Anesthesiology, Oral Surgery - Anesthesia, Anesthesia malpractice, Anesthesiology malpractice, dental anesthesia, surgery, wrongful death, preoperative preparation, regional anesthesia, ambulatory anesthesia, office anethesia, PACU, airway management, propofol/diprivan, intubation injuries, oral surgery
Board-certified anesthesiologist with full-time clinical practice. Physician of Excellence Award. AAAASF Surveyor. Dental Board of CA Examiner. National High School Debate and Forensics champion.
You can also find Anesthesiology Expert Witnesses in:
Iowa, California, Texas, North Carolina, Missouri, Ohio, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, New York, Illinois, Florida, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Virginia, Massachusetts, Georgia, Rhode Island, Minnesota, Maryland, Michigan, Arkansas, New Jersey, Colorado, Nevada, Connecticut, and Indiana