29 Biopsies Expert Witnesses Found

General Surgery, Colon & Rectal Surgery - endoscopy, colonoscopy, open hernia, laparoscopic hernia, robotic hernia, cholecystectomy, mastectomy, lumpectomy, breast biopsy, lymph node mapping biopsy, gastric sleeve, robotic bariatric surgery, appendectomy, colectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, laparoscopy, breast cancer, da Vinci, reflux

With over 34 years experience and over 45,000 surgical cases/procedures in a high volume general surgery practice for which he is the senior partner, Dr. Steve Fendley has extensive experience and expertise in open, laparoscopic and robotic surgery. He was an early adopter of the da Vinci Robot platform and immersed himself in training on the da Vinci in 2012, now having completed over 2,400 robotic cases, while continuing a full general surgery practice, with a high volume of hernia repair, EGD/colonoscopy, mastectomy, colectomy, gastric sleeve, appendectomy, cholecystectomy as well as other common general procedures. Robotically, he specializes in hernia repair, gastric sleeves and anti-reflux surgeries. He currently serves as the Medical Director of Robotic Services at Flowers Hospital. He led the transition regionally from open to laparoscopic surgery, and now to da Vinci Robotic general surgery, serving as a site mentor and consultant for Intuitive Surgical. His vast experience...

Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Breast Imaging, Mammography, Breast Ultrasound, Breast MRI, Breast Biopsy, Tomosynthesis, Ultrasound, Musculoskeletal Imaging, CT, MRI, Mammograms

I completed fellowship training in breast imaging at Stanford. I currently serve as Chief of Breast Imaging at Cook County Hospital in Chicago and previously spent 4 years in private practice. I am board certified and practice all aspects of breast imaging, including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, tomosynthesis, and procedures.

Neurology, Neuropathology - Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), mast cell activation syndrome, craniocervical instability, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak headaches, small fiber neuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Guillain-Barre (GBS), myasthenia gravis

...I have interpreted over 50,000 small fiber skin biopsies as well as hundreds of conventional nerve and muscle biopsies. I am also one of a small number of experts in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, joint hypermobility syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), dysautonomia, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and related disorders to include craniocervical instability (CCI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak . In my clinical practice I have evaluated over 1000 patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Disease - Interventional Pulmonology, mechanical ventilation, sepsis, septic shock, respiratory failure, ECMO, central line, intubation, chest tube, bronchoscopy, EBUS, lung biopsy, critical care echocardiography, neurocritical care

Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology, Body Imaging, CT scan, CAT scan, MRI, Ultrasound, Xray, Biopsy, Drainage, Aspiration and Biopsy, Abdominal Imaging, PET-CT scan, Peer Review

...Experienced with procedures such as biopsies and drainages in addition to diagnostic radiology. Experienced lecturer at large national radiology meetings on various topics. Licensed in CA, TX, and NC.

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Radiology - percutaneous, image guided, drainage, biopsy, varicose vein, peripheral arterial disease, dialysis access, interventional oncology, tumor, trauma, ablation, embolization, portal hypertension, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, balloon retrograde transvenous obliteration, venous sampling

...user=FCn7RHQAAAAJ Areas of clinical expertise: Vascular and Interventional Radiology Image guided interventions Biopsy Aspiration Percutaneous drain Nephrostomy Cholecystostomy Transhepatic biliary tube and stent Percutaneous gastrostomy Angioplasty Veins Arteries Chronic venous insufficiency Varicose veins Venous reflux Venaseal RFA venous closure Varithena foam sclerotherapy Peripheral arterial disease Dissection Interventional Oncology Tumor embolization and ablation Chemoembolization Drug eluting beads Radioembolization Fiducial marker SpaceOAR Partial splenic embolization Acute bleeding or hemorrhage (trauma, pelvic, gastrointestinal, hemoptysis, post-partum, etc.)...

Diagnostic Radiology, Ultrasound - Abdominal imaging, general radiology, breat imaging, mammography, body imaging, ultrasound, obstetric ultrasound, CT, MRI, gastrointestinal imaging, biopsy and drainage, case review, peer review, file review, case merit evaluation

ABR board-certified, fellowship-trained Diagnostic Radiologist licensed in Washington and California. 11 years of experience as expert witness. Former Department Chair and Chief of Staff at a high-volume community teaching hospital practicing all aspects of general radiology including CT, US, MRI, nuclear medicine, radiography, mammography and nonvascular interventional procedures. Extensive experience with spine imaging and image-guided pain management. Subspecialty interest, academic appointment, and publications in abdominal imaging and ultrasound. Former Assistant Clinical Professor in Section of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Radiology at UCSF. Recognition for teaching excellence. Actively involved in hospital quality, utilization review and peer review activities.

Otolaryngology, Sleep Medicine - Sinus Surgery, Traumatic Hearing Loss/Vertigo, Defense Base Act, DBA, Mold Exposure, Sleep Apnea, insomnia, sleep deprivation, sleep medications, sinusitis, balloon sinus dilation, Balloon Sinuplasty, ENT, snoring, tonsils, CPAP, driver fatigue, ear nose and throat, hearing loss, tinnitus, VA NEXUS.

...Diagnostics utilized: allergy testing, CT/MRI/PET scans, endoscopic examinations, biopsy, sleep study interpretations, cultures, video stroboscopy, hearing tests, and balance tests. Treatments and procedures: in-office ENT surgery, Balloon Sinuplasty; ClariFix, Vivaer, Rhinaer, Latera implant, oral appliance therapy; CPAP sleep apnea therapy; exCiteOSA, allergy shots/drops, vestibular rehabilitation, assistive listening devices, dizziness and tinnitus management.

Radiology, Oncology - Breast Imaging, Mammography, Breast Cancer, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, MRI, Ultrasound, Mammogram, Imaging, Delayed Diagnosis, Breast Biopsy

Dr. Drukteinis is committed to providing an accurate, thorough, and consise review of your case. With over 9 years of practice experience spent in both the academic and private practice settings, she has evaluated thousands of breast cancer cases. As a consultant and expert witness, she strives to give you an honest and unbiased review of your case with swift turn-around time. Dr. Drukteinis is certified by the American Board of Radiology in Diagnostic Radiology with subspecialty expertise in Breast Imaging. Dr. Drukteinis completed her Undergraduate studies at the University of Florida in 2001, earning a Bachelor of Science Degree – Summa Cum Laude in Interdisciplinary Studies. In 2005, she went on to earn her Medical Degree with Honors in Research from Cornell University in New York. Dr. Drukteinis completed her postgraduate Internal Medicine Internship training in 2006 at the New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York. She completed her Residency training in 2010 and Breast Imaging...

General Surgery, Colon & Rectal Surgery - endoscopy, colonoscopy, open hernia, laparoscopic hernia, robotic hernia, cholecystectomy, mastectomy, lumpectomy, breast biopsy, lymph node mapping biopsy, gastric sleeve, robotic bariatric surgery, appendectomy, colectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, laparoscopy, breast cancer, da Vinci, reflux

With over 34 years experience and over 45,000 surgical cases/procedures in a high volume general surgery practice for which he is the senior partner, Dr. Steve Fendley has extensive experience and expertise in open, laparoscopic and robotic surgery. He was an early adopter of the da Vinci Robot platform and immersed himself in training on the da Vinci in 2012, now having completed over 2,400 robotic cases, while continuing a full general surgery practice, with a high volume of hernia repair, EGD/colonoscopy, mastectomy, colectomy, gastric sleeve, appendectomy, cholecystectomy as well as other common general procedures. Robotically, he specializes in hernia repair, gastric sleeves and anti-reflux surgeries. He currently serves as the Medical Director of Robotic Services at Flowers Hospital. He led the transition regionally from open to laparoscopic surgery, and now to da Vinci Robotic general surgery, serving as a site mentor and consultant for Intuitive Surgical. His vast experience...

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Radiology - IVC filter, DVT, Pulmonary Embolism, blood clot, TIPS, AVM, embolization, Y90, TACE, IRE, nanoknife, cryoablation, microwave ablation, stents, dialysis procedures, biliary and urinary interventions, vertebroplasty/ kyphoplasty, endovascular procedures, biopsy, drainage, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, PET scan

I am a dual board certified and fellowship trained Vascular and Interventional Radiologist. I am a clinical assistant professor at the University of Florida. I have experience in private practice prior to academic practice. I also have prior expert witness experience. I currently work at a large Level 1 trauma center, and my hospital is also a regional liver and kidney transplant center. I have a large experience with TIPS and cirrhosis / portal hypertension. I also have experience with liver transplant complications. A portion of my practice is devoted to treating DVT and PE. I perform DVT thrombectomy and IVC filter placement and retrieval. I have experience with complex IVC filter retrieval including removal of IVC filters protruding into the aorta (artery), bowel, and spine. I have removed “permanent” filters as well as fragmented/broken filters. I have experience with thrombolysis for DVT/PE. I also perform endovascular reconstruction of occluded veins including stenting. I have...

Otolaryngology, Noise - Ear, Nose, and Throat, ENT, Breathing Problems, Sinusitis, Sinus Surgery, Vertigo, Dizziness, Balance Disorder, Hearing Loss, Sleep Disorders, Throat Cancer, Noise Trauma, Balloon Sinuplasty, Car Accident, Head and Neck Surgery, Voice Problems, Hoarseness, Nasal Fracture/Trauma, Facial Paralysis

...Diagnostics expertise: Endoscopic examinations, biopsies, hearing tests, allergy testing, sleep studies, CT/MRI/PET scans, video stroboscopy, balance tests, and more.

Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Breast radiology, Breast imaging, Breast cancer, Missed breast cancer, Delay in diagnosis of breast cancer, Breast biopsy, Breast surgery complication, Mammography, Mammogram, 3D tomosynthesis, Breast MRI, Breast Ultrasound, Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, Standard of care, Medical malpractice

...Examples of cases I consult on include missed breast cancer, delay in diagnosis of breast cancer, suboptimal breast cancer workup, breast biopsy complications, breast surgery complications, unnecessary breast surgery, and standard of breast imaging care.

General Surgery, Colon & Rectal Surgery - endoscopy, colonoscopy, open hernia, laparoscopic hernia, robotic hernia, cholecystectomy, mastectomy, lumpectomy, breast biopsy, lymph node mapping biopsy, gastric sleeve, robotic bariatric surgery, appendectomy, colectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, laparoscopy, breast cancer, da Vinci, reflux

With over 34 years experience and over 45,000 surgical cases/procedures in a high volume general surgery practice for which he is the senior partner, Dr. Steve Fendley has extensive experience and expertise in open, laparoscopic and robotic surgery. He was an early adopter of the da Vinci Robot platform and immersed himself in training on the da Vinci in 2012, now having completed over 2,400 robotic cases, while continuing a full general surgery practice, with a high volume of hernia repair, EGD/colonoscopy, mastectomy, colectomy, gastric sleeve, appendectomy, cholecystectomy as well as other common general procedures. Robotically, he specializes in hernia repair, gastric sleeves and anti-reflux surgeries. He currently serves as the Medical Director of Robotic Services at Flowers Hospital. He led the transition regionally from open to laparoscopic surgery, and now to da Vinci Robotic general surgery, serving as a site mentor and consultant for Intuitive Surgical. His vast experience...

Radiology, Ultrasound - Breast imaging, mammography, mammogram, breast cancer, breast biopsies, breast ultrasound, breast MRI.

I am a board certified, fellowship trained breast imager with 10 years of clinical experience. I currently provide breast imaging services for St. Luke's Medical Center in Idaho. Prior to my current position I served as the Medical Director of Breast Imaging at an MD Anderson Cancer Center in the Phoenix Metropolitan area. I read over 10,000 exams and perform hundreds of procedures each year. I have a strong medical education background with fellowship training at the University of California San Francisco in breast imaging and obstetric and body ultrasound. My training and current practice experience includes all facets of diagnostic and interventional breast imaging, including breast tomosynthesis, MRI, and image guided procedures under all modalities.

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition - Crohn's disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Foreign body ingestions, Malnutrition, Failure to thrive, Rett syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Celiac disease, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Abdominal pain, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Short Bowel syndrome, Neonatal cholestasis, Refeeding Syndrome, Endoscopy, Colonoscopy

...Expertise in esophagogastroduodenoscopies and colonoscopies with biopsies, foreign body removal in pediatric patients. Treat the following conditions: Failure to thrive/ Malnutrition, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Short Bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, GERD, Abdominal pain, Aerodigestive disorders, Neonatal Cholestasis, Cystic Fibrosis- pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease. • Experienced speaker to public and medical professionals on topics in pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. • Golden Apple award recipient for Nutrition education for Pediatric Residency Program in 2019....

Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Breast Imaging, Mammography, Breast Ultrasound, Breast MRI, Breast Biopsy, Tomosynthesis, Ultrasound, Musculoskeletal Imaging, CT, MRI, Mammograms

I completed fellowship training in breast imaging at Stanford. I currently serve as Chief of Breast Imaging at Cook County Hospital in Chicago and previously spent 4 years in private practice. I am board certified and practice all aspects of breast imaging, including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, tomosynthesis, and procedures.

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Radiology - Biopsy, Drain placement, Portal hypertension, Venous disease, Pulmonary Embolism, gastrointestinal bleeding, GI bleeding, interventional oncology, Y-90, radioembolization, chemoembolization, arterial embolization, venous reflux, TIPS, deep venous thrombosis, IVC filter, thrombolysis

...Areas of specialization include: prostate artery embolization, interventional oncology, portal hypertension, lower extremity venous reflux disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, arterial embolization, biopsies, and drainage catheter placement. I also earned an M.B.A. with healthcare management focus in February of 2021.

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Biopsy, Drain placement, Venous disease, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, dialysis, deep venous thrombosis, IVC filter, thrombolysis, angioplasty, stent, missed diagnoses, vascular access and complications, biliary and urinary interventions, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, PET scan

...Significant experience with endovascular procedures, venous access and dialysis interventions, gastrointestinal imaging and bleeding, arterial embolization and image guided biopsy and ablation procedures of tumors (pulmonary nodules, liver, kidney, soft tissue and bone lesions). Multiple peer reviewed publications in diagnostic and interventional radiology and presentations. Incredibly responsive to emails and phone calls. Happy to arrange for a complimentary phone call or video call to or discuss any interventional or diagnostic radiology matter,

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, mammography, image-guided surgery, image-guided cancer treatments, minimally invasive surgery, tumor cryoablation, radio frequency ablation, biopsy, diagnostic radiology, DVT, pulmonary embolism, cancer

Brian K. Brodwater MD is board certified by the American Board of Radiology in both Diagnostic Radiology and Interventional Radiology and holds licenses in North Carolina and South Carolina. He has published multiple articles in his specialty and is a senior partner with Delaney Radiology in Wilmington, North Carolina after joining the practice upon the completion of his Vascular - Interventional Radiology fellowship from Duke University Medical Center. Brian K. Brodwater MD completed his internship at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill in 1994, which was followed by his diagnostic radiology residency and fellowship at Duke University, from 1994-1999.

Radiology - Abdominal Radiology, Body Radiology, Breast Radiology, Mammography, Digital mammography, tomosynthesis, CT, MRI, X-ray, Ultrasound, Stereotactic biopsy, ultrasound biopsy, Breast, Needle localization, Imaging, CAT scan, Fluroscopy, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, 3-D imaging

Dr. Ami Vakharia is ABR-boarded in Diagnostic Radiology, with fellowship training in Breast and Abdominal Radiology. Dr. Ami Vakharia is active in clinical practice and loves lecturing residents and fellows at an academic practice. This guarantees that Dr. Vakharia is up to date in the latest research and technology. Additionally Dr. Vakharia presents well with great public speaking skills. Dr. Vakharia can provide same-day (<24hr) turnarounds on radiology consultations and is committed to providing quality consults for independent reads, written reports, expert testimony, and other consulting service, all at a competitive fee. Dr. Vakharia received her BS/MD from University of Miami at a combined 7-year college/medicine program where accepted into medical school from high school. Additionally, Dr. Vakharia completed residency at University of North Carolina and fellowship at the reputable Duke University. Dr. Vakharia served as chief resident for the institute's residency program and...

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Radiology - IVC Filter Product Liability, Endovascular Surgery, Interventional Radiology, Interventional pain management, CT, biopsy, ESI, RFA, angioplasty, stents, vascular access, embolization, CTA, varicose veins, EVLT, sclerotherapy, thrombolysis, TIPS, Sclerotherapy, Dialysis.

...Expertise in all venous access, dialysis access, and image guided biopsy/drainage procedures. Expertise in vein center procedures including EVLT, ambulatory phlebectomy, and sclerotherapy. Wound Care Certified. Expertise in interventional pain practice and in all minimally invasive pain procedures such as ESI, nerve blocks, SI joint injection, Facet injection, RFA/rhizotomy, Vertebroplasty, and Kyphoplasty. Section Chief of Vascular and Interventional Radiology for a large tertiary care hospital system since 2003.

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Radiology - Biopsy, Drain placement, Portal hypertension, Venous disease, Pulmonary Embolism, gastrointestinal bleeding, GI bleeding, interventional oncology, Y-90, radioembolization, chemoembolization, arterial embolization, venous reflux, TIPS, deep venous thrombosis, IVC filter, thrombolysis

...Areas of specialization include: prostate artery embolization, interventional oncology, portal hypertension, lower extremity venous reflux disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, arterial embolization, biopsies, and drainage catheter placement. I also earned an M.B.A. with healthcare management focus in February of 2021.

Urology & Urological Surgery, Sexual Health - penile implant, kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, cancer, urethra, stricture, penis, scrotum, testicle, vas deferens, hydrocele, biopsy, laser, hydronephrosis, calculus, stone, tumor, incontinence, impotence, erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's, TURP, trans, detransition, prosthesis, sexual, LGBTQ

FREE telephone case review for attorneys. Dr. Garber completed his B.A. degree at the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated summa cum laude, and was elected to the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa organization. He received his M.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania (Perelman) School of Medicine, and subsequently completed his Urology Residency at The Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania. Scoring in the 98th percentile on his written exam, Dr. Garber was certified by The American Board of Urology, and has been re-certified 3 times. Dr. Garber is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (FACS), and was a Clinical Associate Professor at Drexel University College of Medicine, training many generations of Urology residents at Graduate Hospital and Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia. After authoring many scientific articles in the Urologic literature, Dr. Garber developed special expertise in some Urologic subspecialty areas, including male urologic...

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - medical communication, standard of care, vascular access, bleeding, embolization, vascular ultrasound, IVC filter, fibroid embolization, anticoagulation, biopsy, indications, prostate embolization, aneurysm, diagnostic error, delay in diagnosis, medical imaging, imaging interpretation

I am a fellowship-trained, board certified physician in diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology with over 6 years of practice. I practice in an academic setting in which I teach other physicians the techniques, rationale and standards of care in both diagnostic and interventional radiology. I work on the national level in the Society of Interventional Radiology and American College of Radiology. In those settings I work on continued medical education content review, quality initiatives and data analytics. My experiences a consultant and expert witness began in 2020 and now have included opining on the standards of care, evaluating cases for merit, performing blind reviews, providing second opinions, deposing and giving in court testimony on diagnostic radiology cases and/or interventional cases for plaintiff and defense attorneys. Your client has their trust in you. And with me, we work together to fulfill that trust. I communicate clearly to non-medical people about medical...

Interventional & Vascular Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology - Y90 radioembolization, chemoembolization, ablation, TIPS, BRTO, nephrostomy tube placement, biliary drain placement, CT and ultrasound biopsy, abscess drain placement, thoracentesis, paracentesis, gastrostomy tube placement

I am a fellowship trained and board certified interventional and diagnostic radiologist. I am an Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee Medical Center. I graduated law school and passed the bar exam prior to practicing medicine. My combined medical and legal training provides a unique perspective as an expert witness. My current group covers both a large academic center along with multiple smaller community hospitals. My practice primarily involves minimally invasive image guided procedures. I also practice the entire gamut of diagnostic radiology.

Radiology - Breast Imaging, Mammogram, Breast Ultrasound, Breast MRI, Breast Surgery, Breast Biopsy, Tomosynthesis, Mammography, Lumpectomy, Mastectomy, Breast Radiology, Breast Radiologist

...She exclusively practices breast imaging with deep expertise in all types of breast imaging (mammography, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, breast biopsy and breast procedures). Dr. Yitta has published extensively in her field. Having held roles of Director of breast imaging at various facilities, Dr. Yitta has expertise in breast center leadership and operations. She is in active clinical practice and offers prompt turnover of work (<24hrs) as well as clear, concise and articulate reports.

Podiatry, Foot & Ankle Surgery - Podiatry, Foot and Ankle surgery, Bunion, Hammer toe, Hallux Valgus, Osteomyelitis, Diabetic foot ulcers, Charcot deformity, Gangrene, Amputations, Foot Pain, Foot and Ankle Trauma, Neoplasm, Foot Infections, Cancer, Complications, Foot Reconstruction, Wound Care, Standard of Care Expert, deformity

...Completed a podiatric dermatology fellowship with Bako Podiatric Pathology Services in Alpharetta, Georgia focusing on malignant soft tissue cancers, neoplasms, infections, biopsy techniques and plastic surgery. Advanced training in all aspects of podiatric medicine and surgery, including forefoot reconstruction, flatfoot reconstruction, diabetic foot reconstruction, wound care, limb salvage, skin grafting, external fixation, plastic flap reconstruction, sports medicine, arthroscopy and trauma. Nationally published author on numerous conditions such as osteomyelitis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, wound healing, ankle impingement, chronic venous insufficiency and plantar fasciitis. Experienced expert witness Dr. Scholnick is the President of Fairfax Foot and Ankle Specialists in Fairfax, VA He is the trusted doctor of several professional athletes Patients regularly travel from out-of-state for treatment by Dr. Scholnick Dr....

Diagnostic Radiology, Ultrasound - Abdominal imaging, general radiology, breat imaging, mammography, body imaging, ultrasound, obstetric ultrasound, CT, MRI, gastrointestinal imaging, biopsy and drainage, case review, peer review, file review, case merit evaluation

ABR board-certified, fellowship-trained Diagnostic Radiologist licensed in Washington and California. 11 years of experience as expert witness. Former Department Chair and Chief of Staff at a high-volume community teaching hospital practicing all aspects of general radiology including CT, US, MRI, nuclear medicine, radiography, mammography and nonvascular interventional procedures. Extensive experience with spine imaging and image-guided pain management. Subspecialty interest, academic appointment, and publications in abdominal imaging and ultrasound. Former Assistant Clinical Professor in Section of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Radiology at UCSF. Recognition for teaching excellence. Actively involved in hospital quality, utilization review and peer review activities.